Our best fluoride reduction cartridge. A generous amount of highest quality activated alumina media.

Recommended flow rate 0.25 gallons per minutes. Not normally used as a stand-alone filter.

An article detailing the efficiency of carbon filtration at removing volatile organic chemicals, including pesticides, herbicides and a host of others. //

Contaminants that people most frequently want removed that are not readily removed by carbon filtration are fluoride, nitrates, and sodium. Reverse osmosis and distillation remove all three, so either combined with a high quality carbon filter provides complete treatment. All three can also be removed by selective, non-carbon filters designed for the purpose. For example, you can obtain a double filter with one fluoride and one carbon cartridge if fluoride removal is desired. //

To summarize, carbon is an extremely versatile and highly effective water treatment medium. It has immense surface area. A single pound of granular activated carbon has a filtering surface area equivalent to 125 acres! It is the best known treatment for organic chemicals, VOCs, pesticides, herbicides, and chlorine and its by-products. It is also an unchallenged taste-and-odor improver. When arranged in solid carbon or extruded carbon block format, it also provides very high quality particulate filtration, in some cases down into the sub-micron level.

A quotation from the EPA about the safety of using water softeners. //

High concentrations of calcium and manganese in the softener backwash water have no deleterious effect on the biological functions occurring in the septic tank and may, in some cases, be helpful.
The additional volume of wastewater generated (typically about 50 gallons per recharge cycle) is added slowly to the wastewater stream and does not cause any hydraulic overload problems.
Soil structure in the soil absorption field is positively affected by the calcium and magnesium ions in water softener effluent

A permeate pump is a special device for undersink reverse osmosis units that uses the hydro power of the brine (drain water), to pack the permeate (product water), into the storage tank. //

What's best about the permeate pump, though, is the increased efficiency. With a standard shutoff system, as the storage tank fills, the RO unit must push against an increasing amount of storage tank pressure. With the permeate pump, the unit is shielded from this pressure and the membrane works in a virtually pressure-free situation, even when the tank is almost full. //

ERP-500 — For membranes up to 50 GPD. $68.00

The construction of the raw water pipeline for the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) is more than 50 percent complete and on schedule to be completed in September 2020, the Millennium Challenge Account-Liberia (MCA-L) has announced.

The US$18 million pipeline will draw water from the dam of the Mt. Coffee Hydropower Plant to the White Plains Water Treatment Plant. The project will save LWSC approximately US$780,000 a year in electricity costs as the water will be transported using gravity instead of pumping water into the treatment plant from the St. Paul River. The undertaking by MCA-L will replace the original 36-inch diameter pipeline that was destroyed during Liberia’s civil war with a new 48-inch diameter pipeline.

According to Jurgen De Moor, project engineer for Belgium-based contractor Denys, all 820 pipes have now arrived on site after being shipped from the manufacturer in India. Denys has also cleared 98 percent of the route along the pipeline and the pipes have been strung along, awaiting the process of trenching, pipe laying, and backfilling, which has already begun in some areas. //

When completed, the pipeline is not only expected to save LWSC money; it will also improve the reliability and quality of water supply to Monrovia. The current location of LWSC’s intake pipe results in poor water quality and salty water during the dry season when the St. Paul River level is low, as water from the Atlantic Ocean washes back into the river. Instead of retrieving water from downstream and closer to the ocean, the pipeline will draw water from the reservoir upstream.

Funded by the Millennium Challenge Corporation for the Government of Liberia, the raw water pipeline is part of the Energy project under the compact, which is committed to reducing poverty in Liberia by promoting economic growth and inclusion.

In October 2015, the Government of the United States of America, through its development agency, Millennium Challenge Corporation, provided a grant of US$257 million to Liberia. MCA-L is an independent, legal, and autonomous agency of the Government of Liberia created by the legislature to administer the compact projects, which address the lack of access to reliable and affordable electricity and inadequate road infrastructure.

NPT pipe threades or American Standard Taper Pipe Threads are used frequently in the oil and gas industry.  The threads have a taper to not only provide a method of mechanical joining of two fittings or pipes but also to provide a leak proof joint.  In order to accomplish this, the threads become shallower the farther they are from the end of the pipe or fitting. If you were to take the cross section of a NPT threaded end, you would see that the bottoms of the threads aren't on a cylinder, but a cone.  This is the taper which is 1/16 inch per inch, which is equivalent to 3/4 inch per foot.

Because of the taper, a pipe can only screw into a fitting a certain distance before it jams.  This is much different than  threading a nut on a bolt. ASME B1.20.1 specifies the effective thread distance.  It also specifies the engagement distance which is the distance the pipe can be screwed in by hand, without much effort. Engineers and piping designers need to take this into account when they are creating drawings.  Field workers need to know how many turns it takes to make up the fitting by hand or with a wrench.

Outlines the ANSI/ASME A13.1 standard, pipe label sizes, pipe marker positioning, and color coding
Understand which pipes should be labeled
Also covers specialized pipe labeling systems: NFPA 99 and CGA C-9 for healthcare facilities, IIAR standards for ammonia refrigeration systems, ISO 14726 for marine labeling, and the Ten State Standards for water treatment plants



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Residents of Monrovia, Environs Scramble for Water as the City Infrastructure falters

By

 Webmaster Admin

 -

February 10, 2020

8

1595

Push-push heading to central Monrovia.

Water shortage has hit Liberia’s crowded capital Monrovia amid poor infrastructure that the government struggles with to meet the growing demand.  The shortage comes as the dry season reaches its height with wells drying the city. Now, residents of the city’s far-flung suburbs, often first to feel the effects of water shortages, are demand action.

Find the equivalent feet of pipe to add to the pressure loss equation to calculate pressure losses in plastic IPS or copper type fittings.

This calculator determines the absolute pressure at the pump impeller. NPSHA must exceed the NPSHR (net positive suction head requirement; specified by the pump manufacturer) or caviation and/or loss of prime will occur.

The site elevation is used to calculate the atmospheric pressure available. The friction pressure losses come from the suction (intake) line, and include the entrance, screen and other losses in bends. The vertical height is measured by the vertical distance between the free water surface and the impeller eye.

P&IDs show the actual sequences of the valves, reducers, branches, instrumentation, and equipment in a piping system. As defined by the Institute of Instrumentation and Control a P&ID is:

• A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on the International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard S5.

• The primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation (Piping & instrumentation diagram).

Commonly used P&ID symbols (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram symbols) for piping fittings.

Unlike orthographics, piping isometrics allow the pipe to be drawn in a manner by which the length, width and depth are shown in a single view. Isometrics are usually drawn from information found on a plan and elevation views. The symbols that represent fittings, Valves and flanges are modified to adapt to the isometric grid. Usually, piping isometrics are drawn on preprinted paper, with lines of equilateral triangles form of 60°.

The Iso, as isometric are commonly referred, is oriented on the grid relative to the north arrow found on plan drawings. Because iso's are not drawn to scale, dimensions are required to specify exact lengths of piping runs.

Coordination System Symbols for Isometrics

Welcome on - www.wermac.org
the website of Werner Sölken

I am Werner and active since more than 40 years in petro and chemical industry.

Over the years, I have specialized myself in piping and static equipment, and have been working in a variety of functions for many customers.
During this period I prepared hundreds of piping projects, and in many cases I have been coaching and supervising that projects.

At the end of 2006, I got the idea to write a website where people can find all about piping.
The idea was born because there was no website on the Internet that gives all information about piping, "on one place".
Often dozens of websites must be consulted for a complete answer on a topic.

Wel, this website is a source of information for people who want to know more about piping systems, valves, dimensions of flanges, fittings and pipes etc.

Except dimensions of pipes, fittings, flanges etc. I also give relevant background information concerning all items.
During writing this Internet site I have been spoken many people, welders, pipefitters, draftmen and engineers. I have frequently asked what is meant with Nominal Pipe Size, or what is meant with A106 Gr.B...the answer often was not correctly.

Thus, a Internet site with all relevant information on one place can bring help for many people.

Further there have been given practical examples for pipefitters, welders, supervisors, draftmen and designers and useful tips for contractors actively in Piping, Piping Engineers and Designers.

All subjects are related at the american ASME, ASTM, API, MSS and German DIN Standards, and are in logical order classified.

Civil Engineering online calculation: Gravity-fed pipe flow - Hazen-Williams formula for a full pipe.

What is the "Nano filtration" used in the Outback Plus system? How does it work?

A. The most recent water treatment filter media technology used by ESP for the removal of microorganisms such as bacteria, cysts, endotoxins and virus is Nano filtration - a method of capturing microorganisms with an electrostatic charge. This is where a fibrous filter media carries an electrostatic charge and particles carrying an opposite charge are attracted and adsorbed. Most particles including pathogens are electronegative in water, so an electropositive filter media is highly effective in attracting and holding the electronegative particles. The fibrous filter media consists of small filters, two Nanometers in diameter, which are dispersed throughout a cellulose, polymetric, microglass fiber matrix resulting in a 2 micron pore size filter media. Since the electro-positive charge of the material provides the mechanism to remove the waterborne pathogens a single layer of the media is able to retain greater than 99% of 0.025 micron size MS2 virus providing an absolute rating of 0.03 microns. The fibrous filter media is pleated to produce a high surface area filter, suitable for high flow rates with minimal pressure drop. It can also be formed into a multilayer depth filter capable of filtering virus size particles to greater than a 6 (LTR) log retention value or >99.9999%.

Bacteria: single celled organisms which lack well defined nuclear membranes and other specialized functional cell parts and reproduce by cell division or spores. Bacteria may be free living organisms or parasites.bacteria cells range from 1 – 10 micron in length and 0.2 – 1 micron in width.

Cyst: a capsule or protective sac produced about themselves by many protozoan, as well as some bacteria and algae as preparation for entering a resting or a specialized reproductive stage. Generally 2 - 50 micron in diameter.

Virus: a parasitic infectious microbe, composed almost entirely of nucleic acid, which can cause disease(s) in humans. Viruses can only reproduce within living cells. They are 0.004 – 0.1 microns in size about 100 times smaller than bacteria.
To be considered a 'purifier' a water treatment system or device must effectively remove microorganisms to the EPA standard of 99.9999 % for bacteria, 99.9% for cysts and 99.99% for virus.

Do any of the Outback Systems qualify as purifiers?

A. Yes, both the Mini-Outback Plus(OB-22NF) and the full sized Outback Plus(OB-25NF) systems meet EPA's purifier standard using the NF7 filter (Nano filtration). The Mini-Outback (OB-22FF) and the standard Outback (OB-25FF) can function as purifiers but require the assistance of either a chlorine or iodine additive to meet that standard.