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service NetworkManager stop
service network restart
chkconfig NetworkManager off
chkconfig network on
Linux services can be started, stopped and reloaded with the use of scripts stocked in /etc/init.d/.
However, during start up or when changing runlevel, those scripts are searched in /etc/rcX.d/ where X is the runlevel number.
The advantage of using update-rc.d is that it will take care of removing/adding any required links to /etc/init.d automatically.
Taking apache2 as an example, let’s examine how /etc/rcX.d is looking like:
ls -l /etc/rc?.d/*apache2
As you can see, for runlevels 0, 1 and 6 there is a K at the beginning of the link, for runlevels 2, 3, 4 and 5, there is a S. Those two letters stands for Kill and Start.
On Debian and Ubuntu, runlevels 2, 3, 4 and 5 are multi-users runlevels.
-
Runlevel 0 is Halt.
-
Runlevel 1 is single user mode
-
Runlevel 6 is reboot
#Removing a Service
update-rc.d -f apache2 remove
The use of -f is to force the removal of the symlinks even if there is still /etc/init.d/apache2.
Now, if you want to re-add this service to be started on boot up, you can simply use:
update-rc.d apache2 defaults
Linus Torvalds
"This is just very cool."
Linux apps that run anywhere
"As a user, I want to download an application from the original author, and run it on my Linux desktop system just like I would do with a Windows or Mac application."
"As an application author, I want to provide packages for Linux desktop systems, without the need to get it 'into' a distribution and without having to build for gazillions of different distributions."
Download an application, make it executable, and run! No need to install. No system libraries or system preferences are altered. Can also run in a sandbox like Firejail
Distribute your desktop Linux application in the AppImage format and win users running all common Linux distributions. Package once and run everywhere. Reach users on all major desktop distributions.
"Marley was dead, to begin with."—Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol.
As you surely know by now, Linux Journal started in 1994, which means it has been around for most of the Linux story. A lot has changed since then, and it's not surprising that Linux and the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) community are very different today from what they were for Linux Journal's first issue 25 years ago. The changes within the community during this time had a direct impact on Linux Journal and contributed to its death, making Linux Journal's story a good lens through which to view the overall story of the FOSS community. Although I haven't been with Linux Journal since the beginning, I was there during the heyday, the stroke, the decline, the death and the resurrection. This article is about that story and what it says about how the FOSS community has changed.
It's also a pretty personal story.
Linux Journal Weekend Reading
June 3, 2018
Today Bloomberg reports GitHub was acquired by Microsoft, the announcement being made as early as Monday. "GitHub preferred selling the company to going public and chose Microsoft partially because it was impressed by Chief Executive Officer Satya Nadella, said one of the people, who asked not to be identified discussing private information." Bloomberg goes on to say, "Terms of the agreement weren’t known on Sunday. GitHub was last valued at $2 billion in 2015."
Microsoft Acquires GitHub For $7.5 Billion.
Microsoft, who was once generally opposed to open-source development, is now one of the biggest contributors to GitHub.
OpenSource Hosting Alternatives:
- Gitea - https://gitea.io/en-us/
- Apache Allura - https://allura.apache.org/
- GitBucket - https://gitbucket.github.io/
- GitLab: https://about.gitlab.com/
- Kallithea https://kallithea-scm.org/
- GitBlit - http://gitblit.com
- Gitolite - http://gitolite.com
- Fedora Pagure https://pagure.io
- SIT https://sit.fyi
Microsoft is announcing a new application named the Windows Terminal. It will include multiple tabs along with themes and other customization features. The Windows Terminal uses GPU-based text rendering and even supports emoji. It includes tabs so you can open Cmd, PowerShell, and WSL consoles in a single window.
This application won’t immediately replace the classic Windows Console environment. The source code is already available on GitHub.
Beyond the visual changes, Microsoft also announced “Windows Subsystem for Linux 2.” It will reportedly offer up to twice the performance of the current version of WSL for filesystem-heavy operations. Windows 10 will include a Linux kernel to make this possible.
I ran the following commands from the Windows command prompt to reset my password. Anything after the # is a comment:
ubuntu config --default-user root
ubuntu.exe # (to run WSL in the current Windows command prompt)
whoami # (to see who I'm currently logged in as)
tail -3 /etc/passwd # (to see the last three users added to the Ubuntu system)
passwd user01 # (to change the password for user01)
exit # (to exit WSL)
ubuntu config --default-user user01 # (to set the default user for the WSL terminal)
//
Substitute debian.exe as appropriate
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which you can test directly online without a installation.
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Manjaro is faster to load applications, swap between them, move to other workspaces, and boot up and close down. And that all adds up.
systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled --no-pager
These are two fresh installs. As you can see, Manjaro has 24 enabled daemons, and Ubuntu has 90. That kind of overhead cannot fail to have an impact.
Ubuntu comes fully-loaded with a wealth of applications. Manjaro is based on Arch Linux and adopts many of its principles and philosophies, so it takes a different approach.
Compared to Ubuntu, Manjaro might seem undernourished. You get a stripped-back installation—which means a speedy install time—and then you decide which applications you want. It comes with an email client, web browser, office suite, and some of the other staples, but apart from that, you decide which applications you want and install them.
Manjaro feels like driving a go-kart you’ve built yourself. Ubuntu feels like a big, comfy, well-stocked RV. There’s something to be said for both approaches. It might seem more logical to you to start light and load up only with what you want. If you prefer the “everything and the kitchen sink” approach, then it’s a point for Ubuntu.
If Manjaro feels like a homemade go-kart, Arch feels like smelting your own iron ore to make the materials to make the go-kart. But that’s the glory of Arch—nothing is preordained.
If you’re not a purist, or you don’t need that degree of granularity, Manjaro is probably as close to unadulterated Linux as you need. Compared to Ubuntu, it’s quite a different experience. It feels pure, crisp, and responsive.
To install and start using WSL 2 complete the following steps:
- Enable the 'Virtual Machine Platform' optional component
- Set a distro to be backed by WSL 2 using the command line
- Verify what versions of WSL your distros are using
Please note that you'll need to be running Windows 10 build 18917 or higher to use WSL 2, and that you will need to have WSL already installed (you can find instructions to do so here).
One issue that I continually see reported by customers is slow network performance. Although there are literally a ton of issues that can effect how fast data moves to and from a server, there is one fix I've found that will resolve this 99% of time — disable Large Send Offload on the Ethernet adapter.
So what is Large Send Offload (also known as Large Segmetation Offload, and LSO for short)? It's a feature on modern Ethernet adapters that allows the TCP\IP network stack to build a large TCP message of up to 64KB in length before sending to the Ethernet adapter. Then the hardware on the Ethernet adapter — what I'll call the LSO engine — segments it into smaller data packets (known as "frames" in Ethernet terminology) that can be sent over the wire. This is up to 1500 bytes for standard Ethernet frames and up to 9000 bytes for jumbo Ethernet frames. In return, this frees up the server CPU from having to handle segmenting large TCP messages into smaller packets that will fit inside the supported frame size. Which means better overall server performance. Sounds like a good deal. What could possibly go wrong?
Count lines in a file:
# wc -l file.txt
If wc
not installed, line count with only bash
:
# LINECT=0; while read -r LINE; do (( LINECT++ )); done < file.txt; echo $LINECT
Convert to all lowercase:
for file in *.txt; do mv "$file" "${file,,}"; done
Convert First letter to lowercase:
for file in *.txt; do mv "$file" "${file,}"; done
Convert to all uppercase:
for file in *.txt; do mv "$file" "${file^^}"; done
for f in \ ; do mv "$f" "${f// /_}"; done
Though it's not recursive, it's quite fast and simple. I'm sure someone here could update it to be recursive.
The ''${f// /_}'' part utilizes bash's parameter expansion mechanism to replace a pattern within a parameter with supplied string. The relevant syntax is ''${parameter/pattern/string}''. See: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Shell-Parameter-Expansion.html or http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/pe .
One core functionality of Bash is to manage parameters. A parameter is an entity that stores values and is referenced by a name, a number or a special symbol.
- parameters referenced by a name are called variables (this also applies to arrays)
- parameters referenced by a number are called positional parameters and reflect the arguments given to a shell
- parameters referenced by a special symbol are auto-set parameters that have different special meanings and uses
Parameter expansion is the procedure to get the value from the referenced entity, like expanding a variable to print its value. On expansion time you can do very nasty things with the parameter or its value. These things are described here.
Linux Pocket Guide, 2nd Edition
By Daniel Barrett
Publisher: O'Reilly Media
Release Date: March 2012
Pages: 230
If you use Linux in your day-to-day work, this popular pocket guide is the perfect on-the-job reference. The second edition has expanded from Fedora-only coverage to distro-neutral, with practical information on a wider range of commands requested by readers.
Linux Pocket Guide, 3rd Edition
Essential Commands
By Daniel Barrett
Publisher: O'Reilly Media
Release Date: June 2016
Pages: 272
If you use Linux in your day-to-day work, this popular pocket guide is the perfect on-the-job reference. The third edition features new commands for processing image files and audio files, running and killing programs, reading and modifying the system clipboard, and manipulating PDF files, as well as other commands requested by readers. You’ll also find powerful command-line idioms you might not be familiar with, such as process substitution and piping into bash.
Essential System Administration Pocket Reference
Commands and File Formats
By Æleen Frisch
Publisher: O'Reilly Media
Release Date: June 2009
Pages: 144
The Essential System Administration Pocket Reference is a quick reference to all the fundamental and essential tasks required to run such divergent Unix systems as Solaris, Linux, AIX, BSD, SuSe, Red Hat, and more. Beginners and experienced administrators alike will quickly be able to apply its principles and advice to solve everyday problems. The book is divided into three parts: Commands, Syntax and Their Applications, Configuration Files and Formats, and Operating System Specific Information.
home in my setup is another hard drive.
start on mounted MOUNTPOINT=/home TYPE=ext4
# starts as non-root user
exec start-stop-daemon --start -c myuser --exec /home/myuser/btsync
exec is bash builtin
start-stop-daemon is installed package