5333 private links
Use this worksheet to plug in values for all variables that will impact your systems' performance. It will automatically calculate your total link loss and tell you if your system falls within Corning’s recommended guidelines.
In 2011, Corning replaced the FBC-001 with an upgraded version called the FBC-002. The benefits of the FBC-002 that initiated this change are: extended blade life from 1,000 cleaves to 5,000 cleaves; the FBC-002 prevents excessive bending that can result in permanent damage to the tool's tab; and better control of the bend radius when cleaving, which localizes the bend point and minimizes twist, resulting in a higher quality cleave. The FBC-001 is now obsolete as a result.
You can view a video on how to use the FBC-002 Cleaver here. http://youtu.be/dlCKpdvUQZA
What is the difference between the FBC-007 and FBC-015 cleavers?
In August, 2011 Corning released the FBC-007 cleaver, which replaced the FBC-015 cleaver as the standard offering in the UniCam® High-Performance Installation Tool Kit. The benefits of the FBC-007 that led to this change are reduced maintenance requirements and a more intuitive, user-friendly design that maintains a high-quality cleave of less than one degree. The FBC-015 is now obsolete as a result.
You can view a video onhow to use the FBC-007 Cleaver here. https://ecatalog.corning.com/optical-communications/EMEA/en/p/FBC-007
LiFi, or 802.11bb, isn't really meant to replace Wi-Fi, but complement it—a good thing for a technology theoretically nullified by a sheet of printer paper. In an announcement of the standard's certification by IEEE (spotted on PC Gamer) and on LiFiCO's FAQ page, the LED-based wireless standard is pitched as an alternative for certain use cases. LiFi could be useful when radio frequencies are inhibited or banned, when the security of the connection is paramount, or just whenever you want speed-of-light transfer at the cost of line-of-sight alignment.
Frauenhofer HHI, one of the standard's developers, suggests "classrooms, medical, and industrial scenarios." Operating in the optical spectrum, rather than the limited amount of licensed radio wavelengths, "ensures higher reliability and lower latency and jitter," says Dominic Schulz, lead LiFi developer at Frauenhofer. It also reduces jamming and eavesdropping and enables "centimeter-precision indoor navigation."
One of the biggest computing inventions of all time, courtesy of Xerox PARC. //
Although watching TV shows from the 1970s suggests otherwise, the era wasn't completely devoid of all things resembling modern communication systems. Sure, the 50Kbps modems that the ARPANET ran on were the size of refrigerators, and the widely used Bell 103 modems only transferred 300 bits per second. But long-distance digital communication was common enough, relative to the number of computers deployed. Terminals could also be hooked up to mainframe and minicomputers over relatively short distances with simple serial lines or with more complex multidrop systems. This was all well known; what was new in the '70s was the local area network (LAN). But how to connect all these machines? //
A token network's complexity makes it vulnerable to a number of failure modes, but such networks do have the advantage that performance is deterministic; it can be calculated precisely in advance, which is important in certain applications.
But in the end it was Ethernet that won the battle for LAN standardization through a combination of standards body politics and a clever, minimalist—and thus cheap to implement—design. It went on to obliterate the competition by seeking out and assimilating higher bitrate protocols and adding their technological distinctiveness to its own. Decades later, it had become ubiquitous.
If you've ever looked at the network cable protruding from your computer and wondered how Ethernet got started, how it has lasted so long, and how it works, wonder no more: here's the story. //
Other LAN technologies use extensive mechanisms to arbitrate access to the shared communication medium. Not Ethernet. I'm tempted to use the expression "the lunatics run the asylum," but that would be unfair to the clever distributed control mechanism developed at PARC. I'm sure that the mainframe and minicomputer makers of the era thought the asylum analogy wasn't far off, though. //
in their paper from 1976 describing the experimental 3Mbps Ethernet, Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs showed that for packets of 500 bytes and larger, more than 95 percent of the network's capacity is used for successful transmissions, even if 256 computers all continuously have data to transmit. Pretty clever. //
It's hard to believe now, but in the early 1980s, 10Mbps Ethernet was very fast. Think about it: is there any other 30-year-old technology still present in current computers? 300 baud modems? 500 ns memory? Daisy wheel printers? But even today, 10Mbps is not an entirely unusable speed, and it's still part of the 10/100/1000Mbps Ethernet interfaces in our computers. //
It's truly mindboggling that Ethernet managed to survive 30 years in production, increasing its speed by no less than four orders of magnitude. This means that a 100GE system sends an entire packet (well, if it's 1212 bytes long) in the time that the original 10Mbps Ethernet sends a single bit. In those 30 years, all aspects of Ethernet were changed: its MAC procedure, the bit encoding, the wiring... only the packet format has remained the same—which ironically is the part of the IEEE standard that's widely ignored in favor of the slightly different DIX 2.0 standard.
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Wi-Fi 6E differs from Wi-Fi 6 in that it can use the 6 GHz frequency band, adding 14 more 80 MHz channels and seven extra 160 MHz ones. Those upgrades help fight congestion and target fast speeds for applications like high-definition video streaming. //
In January, MediaTek, which makes Wi-Fi chips, began live demos of Wi-Fi 7. The next-generation tech is expected to support a max theoretical throughput of at least 30Gbps, compared to Wi-Fi 6 and 6E's 9.6Gbps, according to the Wi-Fi Alliance, which makes the specification. Upon conducting its live demos, MediaTek said it expects to have products available in 2023.
This memo documents the fundamental truths of networking for the Internet community. This memo does not specify a standard, except in the sense that all standards must implicitly follow the fundamental truths. //
- The Fundamental Truths
(1) It Has To Work.
(2) No matter how hard you push and no matter what the priority, you can't increase the speed of light.
(2a) (corollary). No matter how hard you try, you can't make a baby in much less than 9 months. Trying to speed this up might make it slower, but it won't make it happen any quicker.
(3) With sufficient thrust, pigs fly just fine. However, this is not necessarily a good idea. It is hard to be sure where they are going to land, and it could be dangerous sitting under them as they fly overhead.
(4) Some things in life can never be fully appreciated nor understood unless experienced firsthand. Some things in networking can never be fully understood by someone who neither builds commercial networking equipment nor runs an operational network.
(5) It is always possible to aglutenate multiple separate problems into a single complex interdependent solution. In most cases this is a bad idea.
(6) It is easier to move a problem around (for example, by moving the problem to a different part of the overall network architecture) than it is to solve it.
(6a) (corollary). It is always possible to add another level of indirection.
(7) It is always something
(7a) (corollary). Good, Fast, Cheap: Pick any two (you can't have all three).
(8) It is more complicated than you think.
(9) For all resources, whatever it is, you need more.
(9a) (corollary) Every networking problem always takes longer to solve than it seems like it should.
(10) One size never fits all.
(11) Every old idea will be proposed again with a different name and a different presentation, regardless of whether it works.
(11a) (corollary). See rule 6a.
(12) In protocol design, perfection has been reached not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.
There’s a definitive answer to this question, and you can find it in RFC 8375: use home.arpa. Never heard of it before? It wasn’t assigned as a special purpose top-level domain (spTLD) name for residential and small networks until 2018.
The home.arpa spTLD isn’t a globally unique domain name, and you can’t resolve it across the internet. It’s only meant to be used inside a small network, such as your home network. Routers and DNS servers know, [in theory,] not to forward ARPA requests they don’t understand onto the public internet. //
You may have seen some suggest you use the .local spTLD instead. That is an older spTLD name used by the self-configuring Multicast DNS (mDNS) protocol (RFC 6762.) You should not configure your router or devices to use this domain name.
DNS clients may defer the resolution of .local spTLDs to the system’s mDNS resolvers instead of its DNS resolver. You can end up with domain resolution conflicts, or a situation where only some devices can resolve your domains. //
What domain name to use in a residential home or local area network most often comes up in the context of configuring the DHCP server on your router. Most gateway routers leave it empty by default, or may populate it with a domain assigned by your internet service provider (ISP). You can safely set it to home.arpa on your local network’s DHCP server.
Devices on your network should then assign themselves a example-device-hostname.home.arpa domain name. Please note that not all residential routers binds its DHCP leases’ host- and domain names to resolvable DNS entries in the router’s DNS server. You may not be able to resolve the home.arpa domains without additional configuration (or a different router or dedicated DNS server).
Your time is better spent ensuring all your devices support mDNS resolution than trying to fix DHCP lease bindings and DNS resolution on your router. //
Do not use undelegated domain names like .lan, .home, .homenet, .network, nor should you make up your own domain name. You can use a domain or a subdomain of a domain name you’ve bought from a domain registrar, however. This last option requires extra configuration of your router to work locally, and an advanced setup involving dynamic-domain names (DynDNS) to work over the internet.
I love fussing with wifi, but when I’m building the backbone of my network in a new location—a house, apartment, or wherever—I tend to go wired as much as I can. Wireless bridges and tri-band mesh/extender setups are great and convenient, but I always appreciate the stability and speed of an Ethernet cable. //
When I recently offered to help my friends set up their house with a wired backbone, I came across a fun problem: No Ethernet connections in any of their rooms. //
The ingenious solution to this problem? MoCA, or “Multimedia over Coaxial.” I’ve known about the technology for a long time, but never had the time (or need) to play with it until now. My friends’ house was wired with coaxial cables in every room, which made this an ideal solution. I could just use MoCA instead of Ethernet—MoCA 2.0, technically, which gives up to a full gigabit worth of speed and should be more than adequate //
I got my hands on a two-pack of TrendNET TMO-311C2K adapters and got to work, which took all of five minutes because I was acting the fool. It should come as little surprise that plugging in the MoCA adapters to various coaxial ports around the house achieved absolutely nothing. //
That’s just one big way to say that I wasn’t too surprised to find that many of the coaxial cables around my friends’ house simply weren’t connected to anything. I was eventually able to confirm this by tracing the wires to the outside of the house, where I found where all the disconnected cables terminated. I then went and picked up one of these to test which cable went to which room in the house:
https://www.trendnet.com/support/support-detail.asp?prod=105_TMO-311C2K
"I had to start a telephone company to get [high-speed] Internet access."
Wi-Fi is like real estate—the secret is location, location, location.
The IPM-4 digital video level master is used to measure the signal quality of your IP video network. This low cost meter makes 6 different level measurements give you the assurance that your IP video system is working within specifications. It measures the output levels of both the camera and the recorder end of the system in dBm so you can check the near-end and far-end signal levels simultaneously.
The meters unique design also measures the amount of signal balance in % that exists on both the sending and receiving channels which contributes to cross-talk and increases the bit error rate in your digital video.
It also measures the level of Common Mode signal a form of interference caused by phase and amplitude variations that also causes video failure.
I told the telephone repairman, “It seems like we never had trouble when we had copper pairs; but now since you guys went to fiber, we are having lightning damage to anything connected to the fiber.”
Well, the guy was on the ball. He said, “You know, the fiber is in a copper shield to protect it from crushing; maybe it’s coming in on the copper shield.”
The shield was bonded to the modem, which had the usual four-foot ground rod driven. Next day, they sent a crew that terminated the copper shielded cable outside and ran just a piece of fiber, one strand into the house and moved their modem to the basement.
Now there is a length of 15 feet of pure glass between the incoming cable and the modem. Since that was done two years ago, we have had no trouble, though the storms are as potent as ever.
In this guide, I create a separate WiFi interface for phones and tablets.
Phones rarely need full network access to other local devices. And they have a nasty habit of getting lost, stolen or otherwise broken, so having a separate WiFi access point (and password) means you don’t accidentally disclose your main WiFi password.
A network which can access the Internet, but not other machines on the LAN. Not even ethernet frames.
A smartphone connected Ethernet network analyzer & cable tester that fits into your pocket
The Swiss Army Knife for IT admins
Pockethernet is here to help any IT admin dealing with Ethernet network installation and maintenance. It lets you check the ethernet link, find cable faults, PoE voltage, VLAN, DHCP results and much more with the press of a button. Finished? Then export those results in a detailed measurement report and send them to yourself or your client.
Pockethernet comes with 20+ Features that are essential for anybody working with Ethernet networks.
- Wiremap including shield
- TDR
- Graphical TDR
- Network discovery (CDP, LLDP)
- Voltage detection
- PoE supply detection
- Cable toner with customizable tones
- Generate PDF reports
Täht enlisted the aid of Ham the mechanical monkey. Ham, it seems, works in the marketing department. He only cares about benchmarks; if the numbers are big, they will help to sell products. [Dave Täht] Ham has been the nemesis for years, driving the focus in the wrong direction. The right place to focus is on use cases, where the costs of bufferbloat are felt. That means paying much more attention to latency, and focusing less on the throughput numbers that make Ham happy.
As an example, he noted that the Slashdot home page can, when latency is near zero, be loaded in about eight seconds (the LWN page, he said, was too small to make an interesting example). If the Flent tool is used to add one second of latency to the link, that load takes nearly four minutes. We have all been in that painful place at one point or another. The point is that latency and round-trip times matter more than absolute throughput.
Unfortunately, the worst latency-causing bufferbloat is often found on high-rate connections deep within the Internet service provider's infrastructure. That, he said, should be fixed first, and WiFi will start to get better for free. But that is only the start. WiFi need not always be slow; its problems are mostly to be found in its queuing, not in external factors like radio interference. The key is eliminating bufferbloat from the WiFi subsystem.
A tool to limit the bandwidth (upload/download) of devices connected to your network without physical or administrative access. evillimiter employs ARP spoofing and traffic shaping to throttle the bandwidth of hosts on the network. This is explained in detail below.
This tool is the Windows GUI port of the original CLI tool Evil Limiter for Linux.
Requirements -- Windows 7 or higher
Missing requirements (including 3rd party applications, like Npcap) will be installed when running the setup.
Disabling LSO on Windows Server 2008 and higher
This is easily done using a NETSH command:
netsh interface tcp set global chimney=disabledDisabling LSO on the Ethernet adapter
This works in all versions of versions of Windows Server since it's done at the driver level. Go to where the network adapters are located in the Control Panel. For Windows Server 2003, this will be under Network Connections. For Windows Server 2008, this will be under Network and Sharing Center –> Change Adapter Settings.
Now right-click on the network adapter and choose Properties from the pop-up menu. At the top of this windows will be a "Connect using" text field with the vendor and model of the network adapter. For my example, I'm using an Intel 52575 Gigabit adapter. Just below this text field, click on the Configure button.
Now click on the Advanced tab, which shows the configurable properties for the adapter. Find the entry for Large Send Offload. This is how it's labeled on Intel adapters, but will vary (sometimes wildly) for adapters from other other vendors. If it's modern adapter like this one, there will be a setting for both IPv4 and IPv6. For older adapters, there will only be a setting for IPv4. Change the value for Large Send Offload from "Enabled" (or "On") to "Disabled" (or "Off") and click on OK.
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Our software automatically handles the complexities of networking across physical network boundaries, dealing with mobility, and unifying cloud and edge to free you to spend your time building your projects and running your business. //
After installing and starting the service (which happens automatically on most platforms) your device will generate a ZeroTier address. This is a ten-digit address that looks like 89e92ceee5.
To actually connect to anything you will need to join a network. These have 16-digit network IDs that look like 8056c2e21c000001. You can get a network ID from someone else or you can create your own network at my.zerotier.com.