Unlike orthographics, piping isometrics allow the pipe to be drawn in a manner by which the length, width and depth are shown in a single view. Isometrics are usually drawn from information found on a plan and elevation views. The symbols that represent fittings, Valves and flanges are modified to adapt to the isometric grid. Usually, piping isometrics are drawn on preprinted paper, with lines of equilateral triangles form of 60°.

The Iso, as isometric are commonly referred, is oriented on the grid relative to the north arrow found on plan drawings. Because iso's are not drawn to scale, dimensions are required to specify exact lengths of piping runs.

Coordination System Symbols for Isometrics

Welcome on - www.wermac.org
the website of Werner Sölken

I am Werner and active since more than 40 years in petro and chemical industry.

Over the years, I have specialized myself in piping and static equipment, and have been working in a variety of functions for many customers.
During this period I prepared hundreds of piping projects, and in many cases I have been coaching and supervising that projects.

At the end of 2006, I got the idea to write a website where people can find all about piping.
The idea was born because there was no website on the Internet that gives all information about piping, "on one place".
Often dozens of websites must be consulted for a complete answer on a topic.

Wel, this website is a source of information for people who want to know more about piping systems, valves, dimensions of flanges, fittings and pipes etc.

Except dimensions of pipes, fittings, flanges etc. I also give relevant background information concerning all items.
During writing this Internet site I have been spoken many people, welders, pipefitters, draftmen and engineers. I have frequently asked what is meant with Nominal Pipe Size, or what is meant with A106 Gr.B...the answer often was not correctly.

Thus, a Internet site with all relevant information on one place can bring help for many people.

Further there have been given practical examples for pipefitters, welders, supervisors, draftmen and designers and useful tips for contractors actively in Piping, Piping Engineers and Designers.

All subjects are related at the american ASME, ASTM, API, MSS and German DIN Standards, and are in logical order classified.

If you are interested to know more about subjects like Standards and Guidelines. read our free introduction to these concepts in our article P&ID Diagram Basics – Part 2 – International Standards

If you are interested to know more about subjects like Functional Identification and Instrument Numbering. read our free introduction to these concepts in our article P&ID Diagram Basics – Part 3 – Functional Identification and Naming Conventions

Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) are of fundamental importance in process automation and process industry. It gives an overall view of the entire process loop of the facility. The Automation, Systems and Instrumentation Dictionary, 4th edition’s definition for a Piping and Instrumentation Drawing (P&ID) tells what they do, P&IDs “show the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process”.

They are used as an element of communication between engineering, plant operation, maintenance and construction, since they show detail information of the plant relating to equipment, pipeline, instrumentation and common services.
P&ID must be maintained accurately and updated.

The creation of the instrumentation diagram or p&id constitutes an important phase in the design of a process plant.

It is a diagram of the systems / equipment present in a section of the plant.

The standard is suitable for use whenever any reference to an instrument is required in the chemical, petroleum, power generation, air conditioning, metal refining, and numerous other industries.

The standard is intended to provide sufficient information to enable anyone reading a flow diagram and having a reasonable amount of plant knowledge to understand the means of measurement and control of the process without having to go into the details of the instrumentation that require the knowledge of an instrument specialist.

The mathematician Archimedes used polygons with many sides to approximate circles and determined that Pi was approximately 22/7. The symbol (Greek letter π) was first used in 1706 by William Jones. A ‘p’ was chosen for ‘perimeter’ of circles, and the use of π became popular after it was adopted by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1737. In recent years, Pi has been calculated to over one trillion digits past its decimal. Only 39 digits past the decimal are needed to accurately calculate the spherical volume of our entire universe, but because of Pi’s infinite & patternless nature, it’s a fun challenge to memorize, and to computationally calculate more and more digits.

The first 10 digits of pi (π) are 3.1415926535

The first million digits of pi (π) are below, got a good memory? then recite as many digits as you can in our quiz! Why not Download our free android pi memory app or calculate the circumference of a circle using pi here. Or simply learn about pi here

Blake’s suggestions for fixing the superhero sentence are hardly improvements, though.

For starters, he says, “The example could be changed to ‘I thanked my parents — and Batman and Superman.’” To condemn the Oxford comma by reason of its being “never elegant” or interfering “with good composition,” only to suggest an em dash as a remedy is self-defeating. An em dash? Talk about “interrupt[ing] the flow of a beautiful passage.” If ever there were a crutch for bad writing, it is the em dash.

Further, he offers, “I thanked my parents. I also thanked Batman and Superman,” as a preferable construction, shortly after saying we should get rid of the Oxford comma the same way “we omit unnecessary words.” If nixing the Oxford comma results in less-concise writing, I reject the idea that the mark is inimical to good composition.

For instance, in a Maine case involving dairy delivery drivers, a missing Oxford comma came with a $5 million price tag over a state labor law. Under the rule, certain tasks were excepted from receiving overtime pay, and the law read as follows:

The canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution of:
(1) Agricultural produce;
(2) Meat and fish products; and
(3) Perishable foods.

Absent a comma, “packing for shipment or distribution” reads easily as a single task, and when the drivers argued they should not be excluded from overtime pay because they did not do any packing, their employers didn’t have a leg, or a comma, to stand on. The drivers received a $5 million settlement for uncompensated overtime, all over simple comma. It doesn’t seem so “superfluous” now, does it? //

by the time I reach the end of the sentence, I’ve realized that isn’t the message the writer intended to communicate, but by then I’m probably rewinding to re-read the sentence under new contextual enlightenment. //

“The good writer is the standard” of good writing, says Blake. I couldn’t agree more, which is why I firmly favor punctuation that aids in clarity, conciseness, and composition: three marks of a good writer, all separated by commas.

Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is usually a 60-item test used in measuring abstract reasoning and regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence.[1] It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly.[2] It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty.[2] This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred to as general intelligence). The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936.[3] In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6×6, 4×4, 3×3, or 2×2 matrix, giving the test its name.

Random page -- good for education!

Organisms from all domains of life are subject to viral infection, whether tobacco plants, flying tropical insects or archaea in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. However, it appears that it is those viruses that attack bacteria (i.e. so called bacteriophages – literally, bacteria eater – see Figure 1) that are the most abundant of all with these viruses present in huge numbers (BNID 104839, 104962, 104960) in a host of different environments ranging from soils to the open ocean.
105-f2-VirusSizes-1

Figure 2: Structures of viral capsids. The regularity of the structure of viruses has enabled detailed, atomic-level analysis of their construction patterns. This gallery shows a variety of the different geometries explored by the class of nearly spherical viruses. HIV and influenza figures are 3D renderings of virions from the tomogram..(Symmetric virus structures adapted from T. S. Baker et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:862, 1999. HIV structure adapted from J. A. G. Briggs et al., Structure 14:15, 2006 and influenza virus structure adapted from A. Harris, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103:19123, 2006.)

As a result of their enormous presence on the biological scene, viruses play a role not only in the health of their hosts, but in global geochemical cycles affecting the availability of nutrients across the planet. For example, it has been estimated that as much as 20% of the bacterial mass in the ocean is subject to viral infection every day (BNID 106625). This can strongly decrease the flow of biomass to higher trophic levels that feed on prokaryotes (BNID 104965). //

• porcine circovirus (PCV) = 17nm (0.017 micron)
• polio virus = 30nm
• HIV-1 = 120nm
• pandora virus = 500nm (0.5 micron)

“How can 2 teams excavate a tunnel from both ends and ensure they meet in the middle?

Eupalinos of Megara figured it out in the 6th century BC and built the Tunnel of Samos (over 1km long) in 8 years: https://t.co/RE8kpEXVHN

A great paper for your summer ☀️reading list 📚”

"73 is the 21st prime number. Its mirror, 37, is the 12th, and its mirror, 21, is the product of multiplying, hang on to your hats, 7 and 3" - Sheldon Cooper

Is 73 the only Sheldon Prime? More here 👉 https://t.co/J9iMXLY8Et” //

The Chuck Norris of numbers....

“A human is the geometric mean of the mass of a proton and the Sun”

“If you break a stick at 2 random points, the #probability that the 3 smaller sticks you now have can form a triangle is 1/4 (a,b and c are perpendiculars to the 3 sides) — The beautiful 'Broken Stick' problem, a 19th century problem from @Cambridge_Uni, first HT Martin Gardner. https://t.co/p253FvQil6”

“Viviani's Theorem: in an equilateral △, the sum of the distances from any interior point to the 3 sides is equal to the height of the △ https://t.co/ZM5Cb0GBpf”

“The first time Albert Einstein wrote down E=mc²”

A platform for illuminating academic papers. We publish an annotated paper every week. Our chrome extension for arXiv: https://fermatslibrary.com/librarian

“How a parabolic reflector works.
Incoming rays (parallel to the axis) are reflected to the focal point and arrive at the same time.
#MathGIF with @geogebra https://t.co/HlUsPKrVhq”

Want to run your oil longer than you used to? Lots of people do. We take many factors into consideration when determining your optimal oil change. Many people think choosing the right oil is important, but in reality, you can run any API-certified oil indefinitely, as long as it’s not contaminated. That’s the real key: not contaminated, with metal, solids, moisture, or fuel. So what can you do to keep your oil in pristine condition? Enter bypass filtration.

In-line oil filtration — the oil filter that comes installed from the factory — filters oil entering the engine down to roughly 30–40 microns (millionths of a meter). This is about the most the in-line system can achieve, because when the oil is cold or the filter is partially plugged, a finer filter would cause too great a pressure drop, forcing open the filter bypass valve and allowing unfiltered oil to circulate through the engine.

Bypass filtration works differently. When this type of auxiliary system is installed, some of the oil bypasses the in-line filter system, flowing though a bypass filter and then returning to the oil sump. Using this method, sump oil is constantly being cleaned any time the engine is running, and it can be filtered down to a very fine size. All you have to do to maintain the system is occasionally change the bypass filter.

Bypass filtration systems remove blow-by and oxidation products from the oil and can help reduce silicon accumulations.