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The first digital logic gate built from vacuum tubes appears to have been invented by Bruno Rossi in 1930. Rossi, an Italian physicist studying cosmic rays and radioactivity, was not working on computing equipment but rather sought to detect near-simultaneous events from multiple Geiger-Müller tubes, His Rossi coincidence circuit was an n-input AND gate which identified coincident pulses from multiple detectors with a time resolution of one millisecond.
With an inverting output, this circuit would be a NAND gate 1, from which any Boolean function can be computed and flip-flops constructed as a data storage element.